Hi Janice
Thank you for your very thorough comments (most of which I understood, although some of the specific scientific examples were beyond my ken). What you say about the different types of science makes a lot of sense.
I think your last paragraph goes at least some of the way towards what I was saying, which is that different types of ‘science’ produce results of varying reliability. As your own example shows, empirical science can produce flawed results. And in the end, such sciences tell us that: “whenever ‘A’ happens, with ‘B’ parameters, we have got ‘C’ results - and so we have an expectation that if we repeat A with B again we will get C; but if we get D we’ll have to revise our theory” (yes, this is incredibly simplified, but I’m sure you see the point). So (to avoid the word ‘valid’ which you fairly criticised) various classes of science can produce results of varying quality depending on a number of variables!
To use a different comparison, there are some results of historic research in which we have a very high degree of confidence - others of which we are much less certain. The same is true with regard to the findings of empirical sciences. I’m simply wanting to avoid the error of elevating the empirical sciences over other kinds of science. Your comments seem to indicate that you are not making such an error.
Bob




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